Using the Code
Case Studies
The ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Practice (“the Code”) is meant to inform practice and education. It is useful as the conscience of the profession, but also for individual decision-making.
As prescribed by the Preamble of the Code, computing professionals should approach the dilemma with a holistic reading of the principles and evaluate the situation with thoughtful consideration to the circumstances. In all cases, the computing professional should defer to the public good as the paramount consideration. The analyses in the following cases highlight the intended interpretations of members of the 2018 Code task force, and should help guide computing professionals in how to apply the Code to various situations.
Case Study: Accessibility in Software Development
AllTogether’s web-based collaboration tool is popular and versatile, used by community groups, non-profits, schools, agencies, businesses, and tech companies around the world to manage project planning and communication. AllTogether’s product team was well into implementing the new feature when they realized they had overlooked some key accessibility requirements. Consequently, the pattern had significant accessibility issues. Nevertheless, the product owner was being pressured to launch the new version despite the accessibility defects.
Case Study: Malware
Rogue Services touts its web hosting as “cheap, guaranteed uptime, no matter what.” While some of Rogue’s clients are independent web-based retailers, most are focused on malware and spam, which leverage Rogue for continuous delivery. Corrupted advertisements often link to code hosted on Rogue to exploit browser vulnerabilities to infect machines with ransomware. Rogue refuses to intervene with these services despite repeated requests.
Case Study: Medical Implants
Corazón is a medical technology startup that builds implantable heart health monitoring devices. After being approved by multiple countries’ medical device regulation agencies, Corazón quickly gained market share based on the ease of use of the app and the company’s vocal commitment to securing patients’ information. Corazón also worked with several charities to provide free or reduced access to patients living below the poverty line.
Case Study: Abusive Workplace Behavior
A new hire with the interactive technologies team, Diane became the target of team leader Max’s tirades when she committed a code update that introduced a timing glitch in a prototype shortly before a live demo. Diane approached the team’s manager, Jean, about Max’s abusive behavior. Jean agreed that the experience was unpleasant, but that was the price to pay for working in an intense, industry-leading team.
Case Study: Automated Active Response Weaponry
Q Industries is an international defense contractor specializing in autonomous vehicles. As an early pioneer in passive systems, such as bomb-defusing robots and crowd-monitoring drones, Q established itself as a vendor of choice for military and law enforcement applications. Q’s products have been deployed in a variety of settings, including conflict zones and nonviolent protests. Recently, however, Q has begun to experiment with automated active responses.
Case Study: Dark UX Patterns
The change request Stewart received was simple: replace the website’s rounded rectangle buttons with arrows, and adjust the color palette to one that mixes red and green text. But he found the prototype confusing. He suggested to his manager that this design would probably trick users into more expensive options they didn’t want. The response was that these were the changes requested by the client.
Case Study: Malicious Inputs to Content Filters
The U.S. Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) mandates that public schools and libraries employ mechanisms to block inappropriate matter on the grounds that it is deemed harmful to minors. Blocker Plus is an automated Internet content filter designed to help these institutions comply with CIPA’s requirements. During a review session, the development team reviewed a number of complaints about content being blocked inappropriately.
Case Study: Accessibility in Software Development
AllTogether’s web-based collaboration tool is popular and versatile, used by community groups, non-profits, schools, agencies, businesses, and tech companies around the world to manage project planning and communication. AllTogether’s product team was well into implementing the new feature when they realized they had overlooked some key accessibility requirements. Consequently, the pattern had significant accessibility issues. Nevertheless, the product owner was being pressured to launch the new version despite the accessibility defects.